Edinburgh Napier University

  The endothelium plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation, from blood flow, to platelet aggregation, immune cell infiltration and demargination. A dysfunctional endothelium leads to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aging endothelium displays significant alterations in function, such as reduced vasomotor functions and reduced angiogenic capabilities. This could be partly due to elevated levels of oxidative stress and reduced endothelial cell turnover. Circulating angiogenic cells, such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a significant role in maintaining endothelial health and function, by supporting endothelial cell proliferation, or via incorporation into the vasculature and differentiation into mature endothelial cells. However these cells are reduced in number and function with age, which may contribute to the elevated CVD risk in this population. However, lifestyle factors, such as exercise, physical activity obesity, an dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, nitrates, and antioxidants, significantly affect the number and function of these circulating angiogenic cells. This review will discuss the effects of advancing age on endothelial health and vascular regenerative capacity, as well as the influence of diet, exercise, and obesity on these cells, the mechanistic links and the subsequent impact on cardiovascular health