Edinburgh Napier University

  It is known that many people are being excluded unnecessarily from using products and services and that this exclusion often arises because the designers have not taken the end-users into account fully. There are clear knowledge gaps that need to be bridged. The first is that of knowledge of the end-users, and the second is how to use that knowledge of the users to develop more accessible and usable products and services. While inclusive design and universal design are commonly accepted as good design aims, this paper discusses the merits of focusing on design exclusion. The concept of design exclusion is particularly powerful because identifying why and how users cannot use a product enables us to counter such exclusion. This paper explains how design exclusion arises and defines a series of measures of inclusive merit ? how successful products are at being inclusive