Practical approach for paving the way to motivate BIM non-users to adopt BIM

Typically, the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is considered one of the most effective contributor to the national developments worldwide. However, the AEC industry is facing myriad challenges due to the pressing calls for creativity and innovative solutions. Several issues are confronted such as failure to meet client satisfaction, delays in delivering projects on time, cost overruns, low quality, conflicts among parties, safety issues, increasing requests for change orders, tremendous increases in materials waste and project complexity. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is rapidly growing worldwide as a viable tool for improving the efficiency of the AEC industry to solve its salient issues. However, BIM is seldom adopted on the government level, especially in the developing countries. This study aims to explore the stakeholders’ perceptions on the benefits of BIM and the barriers that hindered its adoption. Furthermore, practical solutions to motivate BIM non-users to adopt BIM are proposed. A questionnaire was sent to BIM users and non-users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as a case study. The key findings that deterred the implementation of BIM were personal correlated issues such as resistance to change and lack of appropriate awareness of BIM. This study convinces the industry players concerning BIM benefits and reveals the barriers and their potential solutions to encourage them to reap the benefits from BIM adoption.


BIM Barriers
According to McGraw-Hill (2012) the top seven barriers that hindered BIM implementation are interoperability, functionality misperception, unidentified BIM deliverables among parties, clients refraining to ask for BIM, shortage of BIM competencies and the need for a 3D building product manufacturer. Banawi (2017) asserted that, BIM non-users summarised the salient issues precluded implementation of BIM as there is insufficient demand from clients, there has not been sufficient time to evaluate BIM. Moreover, software and hardware upgrades are too expensive. BIM non-users claimed that BIM functionality does not apply very well to what they do and there is insufficient BIM-compatible content available for industry needs. Table (2) portrays the classifications of the barriers and classifies them into: Personal Barriers, Process Barriers, Business Barriers, Technical Barriers, Organization Barriers and Market Barriers.  (Bryde, et al., 2013;Alhumayn, et al., 2017) 3 Cultural issues resulting in resistance to change (Almutiri, 2016;Gerges, M, et al., 2017) 4 Lack of BIM knowledge pertaining to current and emerging technologies (Saleh, 2015) BIM Process Barriers 1 The required collaboration, integration, and interoperability (Banawi, 2017) 2 Not all stakeholders are using BIM (Linderoth, 2010;Elmualim & Gilder, 2014) 3 Legal and contractual challenges (ownership of data, traditional procurement methodology) (Chien, et al., 2014;Eadie, et al., 2014;Azhar, et al., 2015).

Organisation Barriers 1
Lack of government support (Bui, et al., 2016;Matarneh & Hamed, 2017) 2 Difficulties in managing the change to BIM (Chien, et al., 2014;Azhar, et al., 2015) 3 Absence of other competing initiatives (Saleh, 2015;Omar, 2015) 4 Resistance to change/unwillingness to change (Jernigan, 2014;Omar, 2015) 5 BIM compels drastic changes in the organizational chart and the workflow (Memon, et al., 2014;Volk, et al., 2014;Gerges, M, et al., 2017) 6 Lack of BIM experience (know-how) to switch from non-BIM to BIM users (Elhendawi, et al., 2019) 7 Cost correlated to hardware upgrades and software purchase (Arayici, et al., 2009; 8 Organisational financial stand (Chien, et al., 2014;Azhar, et al., 2015) Market Barriers 1 Low level of adoption due to poor awareness about BIM (Gerges, et al., 2016;Matarneh & Hamed, 2017) 2 The wrong grasp of BIM, as it tends to be introduced by software developers, accordingly the market is overdue at the embarking stage for switching to BIM (Porwal & Hewage, 2013;Banawi, 2017) 3 Lack of client/government demand (Gerges, et al., 2016;Gerges, M, et al., 2017) 4 Clients not lending appropriate support to the benefits of BIM (Banawi, 2017) Based on the extensive literature survey, there is a duet of BIM benefits and there is a lack of consensus on the barriers. In order to bridge this gap in knowledge, this research investigated these benefits and barriers and paves the way for swift and smooth implementation of BIM.

Research Methodology and Data Collection:
The literature review developed a profound understanding of the perceived benefits and barriers that hindered the implementation of BIM. The research adopted the overarching method, which involved a quantitative approach via a structured questionnaire, followed by a qualitative approach via face-to-face interviews with carefully selected veterans from the KSA construction industry.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) provides a good example to represent the developing countries in the Middle East that suffer from the barriers and obstacles overburdening the implementation of BIM. Moreover, KSA embraces several international organizations originating in developed countries, which bring good experience in the BIM realm.
The literature study assisted the development of a structured questionnaire survey. This survey was distributed via email to randomly selected professionals who work in the KSA, especially, those who are registered in Saudi Commerce Chambers which includes the entire KSA AEC industry players. In addition to organisations that are registered in the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, additionally, Saudi Council of Engineers published the questionnaire in its monthly magazine.
Pilot sample: Prior to finalising the questionnaire, the survey was distributed to a pilot sample of a randomly selected 12 professionals with average experience of 8 years in the KSA AEC industry. Half of them represented BIM users and the other half represented non-users. These veteran professionals were selected from local and multinational AEC organisations in the KSA market. The initial questionnaire was refined based on the feedback received from the pilot sample.
Afterwards, the final questionnaire was accessible via the online survey platform "Google forms". This platform enabled easy and swift completion of the survey via the internet and then the responses were gathered automatically to save and store them via an online database.
Traditionally, the response rate for online surveys is suboptimal by 11% compared with other techniques (Saunders, et al., 2012). The link to an online questionnaire was sent by email to increase confidentiality and anonymity. The questionnaire was available from 20 th September 2019 to 20 th December 2019.
The questionnaire survey consisted of ten sections. Section one consisted of general information, respondents' personal information and demographics such as profession, years of experience in KSA, academic qualifications. Section two consisted of respondents' awareness of BIM, BIM user or nonuser, BIM Software that their company use, BIM applications, beneficial integrating with BIM, BIM maturity levels, the future of BIM …. etc. In section 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 each respondent was asked to rate to what extent he/she agrees/disagrees with each of the perceived benefits of BIM, and barriers for BIM implementation on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 5 represents 'Strongly agree', and 1 represents "Strongly disagree".
The questionnaire was developed to collect the data from BIM users and BIM non-users who worked in the KSA AEC industry. The questionnaire survey was sent to 689 AEC medium to large organisations in the KSA. There were 275 responses (40%), but of those, incomplete responses were 27 (9.7%) of the returned responses. Therefore, the number of true responses was 248 (90%) of the returned responses.

Respondents' general information
The received responses are 248 while 63% of the respondents do not have enough knowledge about BIM. However, 37% have good BIM knowledge. This percentage unveiled that there is a lack of awareness about BIM in the KSA. In fact, this recent survey opposes the conclusion made by Farah (2014) who reported that there is a high level of awareness of BIM in the KSA AEC industry. Figure  (1) demonstrates the reasons for which some respondents are reluctant to adopt BIM. It is obvious, "the lack of awareness of what BIM is" is the main hindrance precluding the adoption of BIM in the KSA. Consequently, BIM non-users do not know how to leverage the benefits from BIM. This warrants crucial action from the government and its subsidiaries to raise the awareness for BIM non-users, and to recognise the utilities of BIM. It is worthy to mention that, the true completed responses represented 25.5% public organisations and 74.5% private organisations. This portrays that the public sector is less interested in BIM compared with the private sector who embraces various international organisations. Figure 2 illustrates that, about 50% of respondents have less than 10 years of BIM experience, which reflects the low level of BIM awareness. Raising the awareness among the AEC industry plays pivotal role for overcoming the barriers and obstacles that hinder BIM implementation. Furthermore, raising awareness of BIM for undergraduate and post graduate students is seen as the cornerstone to develop a new generation with BIM knowledge.

Respondents perceptions about BIM
The respondents' answers for different areas of BIM application are reported in Table ( Figure 3 measured the maturity levels of BIM amongst the BIM user participants, showing that BIM adoption is still within level 1, with a percentage of 35.51%. These results support the authors' claim that "the developing countries are still struggling in the embarkation stage of BIM implementation".

Figure 3: BIM maturity levels
As BIM is still in its embarking stage it is realistic to find that most BIM users are utilizing BIM as a 3D model. Figure (4) shows that more than 67% of BIM users utilize BIM only for 3D modelling. As BIM is rapidly growing worldwide, Figure 5 shows that more than 70% of respondents expect that BIM will sooner or later be mandated in the AEC industry worldwide.

Perceived benefits of BIM
There is a close understanding of the perceived benefits of BIM between the BIM users and non-users, chiefly the advantage of meeting client satisfaction. BIM users believe in the capability of BIM to consolidate the team works and provide a competitive advantage to the firm much higher than BIM non-users, it is realistic, because only BIM users can acquire these advantages.
Generally, the expectations of BIM non-users are much more than BIM users pursuant to the advantages of BIM. The biggest difference for the perceptions of the two groups is found in the ability of BIM to "save the time" which was considered the first by BIM non-users and at the end by BIM users. Similarly, for the benefit "BIM offers improved productivity". These big discrepancies can be understood from the ideal state that BIM non-users are considering, which can be achieved only after the AEC market reaches the full maturity level of BIM. Figure 6: Benefits of BIM from the Client's perspective Figure 6 portrays the client responses. Respondents claim that benefits of BIM from clients' perspectives are as follows: BIM is distinctive to clients for time-saving, completing projects on time, minimising coordination problems, improving quality, assuring like for like comparison during the tender stage, earlier involvement of client in the design stage and reducing cost. Furthermore, some respondents emphasised the crucial need to start BIM at the outset of the project, not at a later stage as it disturbs the processes which may cause delays instead of progress. Table 5 shows the designers' responses for their perceived benefits of BIM. They have considered BIM is distinctive for enhancing their experience through allowing various options in a short duration, quick review, and the time required to make changes on the model is very short compared with CAD conventional approaches. Moreover, BIM improves coordination, avoids clashes and tremendously reduces design errors. It also boosts information sharing and enables quick quantity take-off. Ahmed, et al. (2018) mentioned, the aforementioned benefits of BIM as generic benefits for all project parties.  Figure 7 illustrates the contractors' responses for their perceived benefits of BIM. They have considered BIM is distinctive for improving coordination and collaboration among different project stakeholders, it enables cost savings, allows visualisations that give a clear and full picture for effective planning, BIM tools assist the project team to reduce the cost and control the budget. Clash detection tool enables detection of clashes in the design prior to starting construction, which reduces conflicts and disputes. 4D BIM tool enables accurate inventory, improves facility management and increases productivity. One respondent concluded that BIM provides excellent coordination, good presentation and predicts issues before their occurrence. Furthermore, another respondent pointed out that BIM enhances bid accuracy with model-based estimation and improved coordination with schedule visualisation. These results align with the conclusions of (Bui, et al., 2016).

Common benefits (to all participants)
According to the data analysis, the common benefits of BIM that all disciplines have experienced are ranked hereinafter in Table 6.   (8) shows the benefits to all project parties. Clearly the client is the most benefited party from BIM followed by designers and contractors. This result is close to Eastman, et al., (2008) conclusions, wherein, they ordered the BIM beneficiaries as the client, then design bodies and the contractor.

Salient Barriers Detering BIM Implementation
Data analysis explicitly manifesting that, challenges are keyed to change management alongside lack of competencies are the main barriers hindering the wide adoption of BIM. Additionally, the absence of government imperative policy for mandating BIM resulted in poor adoption of BIM as it became an optional choice, for which most of SMEs averted utilisingutilizing BIM.

Personal Barriers
Figure 9: Personal Barriers Figure 9 illustrates the personal correlated barriers that diminish implementation of BIM. Respondents reported that the personal barriers could be cultural issues, in that many people involved in a construction area are afraid to share their data for lack of mutual trust and other reasons, lack of advertisement in magazine and news on TV, insufficient fund, shared risk-reward, and lack of conduct long-term relationships.
Pursuant to the data analysis, "resistance to change" and the implicit feeling of being safe in the comfort zone, deters any advocate for change. Moreover, "lack of understanding of the benefits of BIM, and what BIM is" converted several decision makers to be hostile against the change towards BIM. They even considered BIM is useless and has no value to their business. Lack of sufficient BIM knowledge, training and education are of importance to change the current stagnant status.
A quote from one respondent portrayed lack of BIM knowledge, stating that "I am sure BIM designers do not have the enough experience to develop a cost effective and safe design. Furthermore, Not everything on a computer screen can be built in real life."  Table 7 illustrates the respondents' perception of process barriers. They have considered "changing the work processes" alongside "lack of effective collaboration among project participants" are the most influential attributes that hindered BIM implementation. Moreover, the risks and challenges of using a single model was ranked the second factor that hindered the utiliasation of BIM. However, legal issues pertaining to the model ownership ranked the last as several contract documents still overlook this issue and disputes loom after the project completion between the design bodies and the client.  Figure 10 demonstrates the business barriers that impacted BIM implementation. Data analysis revealed that, the time and cost to train the staff ranked as the most significant factor deter the implementation of BIM, followed by, the lack of contractual agreements that clarifies the responsibility of each party. Moreover, the long time required for developing BIM model and uncertainties for return on investment (ROI) due to high costs of implementation are raised as third, fourth and fifth factors respectively. These results are in agreement with Shaban and Elhendawi (2018) findings.

Organization Barriers
The organisational barriers are as illustrated in Figure 11. Lack of management support and fear of changes are ranked the first and second most influential factors impeding the implementation of BIM in KSA. Noticeably, these findings are similar to the findings concluded by Shaban and Elhendawi (2018) in Syria. Furthermore, respondents detailed that the organisation barriers stemmed from company policy, futile coordination, top management experience, fear of change, unavailability of competencies, and absence of leadership.

Market Barriers
Market barriers are shown in Figure 12. Clearly, the lack of client and/or government demand for BIM was ranked the first as the most important factor that hindered the implementation of BIM. In the same context Omar (2015) claimed that the market is not ready yet. There is a great deal of consensus among the respondents, as there is a significant role incumbent upon the government, to mandate BIM. As such, the market will be ready to adopt BIM.
According to data analysis, the market barriers are seen in the low realization of the benefits of BIM, understanding the importance of BIM, and the lack of competencies as well as stewardship.

Figure 12: Market Barriers
In order to recognise the hierarchy of the causes that resist the implementation of BIM, Figure (13 The market is not ready yet people to adopt BIM. Indeed, BIM has its three pillars which starts with People and then Process and Technology (Eastman et al., 2011).

Paving the way to facilitate the adoption of BIM
The respondents recommended several ways to overcome the barriers as follows: The resistance to change represents the most barriers to hinder BIM implementation and need more effort to remove it. To solve this issue, local companies could seek partnerships with international construction companies that have accomplished projects using BIM-based technologies and processes.
The top management has an indispensable role in leading the organisational change to BIM, so they should be fully aware of the organisational benefits of BIM to improve the performance for adding competitive advantage and increasing the profits. Therefore, top management should be convinced to support this change to take the decision of utilizing BIM.
Furthermore, to expedite BIM implementation the mixed approaches should be adopted concurrently, Bottom-up and top-down. The effective change commences from the employees' which must be supported by top management.
For the sake of providing the market with BIM skilled resources for long term basis, governments should guide and support the universities for the enclosure of BIM within the curriculums for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Moreover, universities together with BIM software vendors should collaborate to raise awareness of BIM throughout series of free training sessions.
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) enable the opening or importing of BIM files to reuse the created data in other applications using different software; IFC schemes can overcome the conflicts that may appear of using different software of BIM models.
Assigning a model manager or so called BIM manager is essential to manage the BIM model-related issues.
Model correlated issues such as ownership can be easily settled by endorsing a clear clause in the contract documents to clarify this issue. However, New Zealand handbook (2014 ) have clarified this issue as follows, the designers will acquire a prior consent from the owner to use the model and vice versa, the owner will request the designer's approval to reuse the model.
Integrated project delivery (IPD) was proposed to be the appropriate construction procurement strategy suitable for BIM, where IPD is defined as a "project delivery approach that integrates people, system, business structures, and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value of owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through phases of design, fabrication, and construction"

Conclusions:
The focus of the construction industry now is to eliminate waste and inefficiency to improve quality and profitability. This research extensively investigated the benefits and the barriers that hinder the implementation of BIM within the KSA AEC industry as the cornerstone for proposing solutions to pave the way for KSA construction industry to implement BIM.
The key findings pertaining to the benefits of BIM are: (1) the richness of the information within the BIM Model enhanced the collaboration among stakeholders, (2) Reduced financial risk, (3) Improved project performance, (4) accurate BOQ and cost estimation, (5) promoted the off-site prefabrication, (6) increasing profitability and (7) reduced change orders and disputes.
Moreover, the top barriers deterring BIM implementation are: (1) There is low level of BIM awareness about BIM in the AEC industry, (2) lack of top management support, (3) lack of government demand for BIM, (4) resistance to change, (5) Lack of BIM technical experts and (6) time and cost required for switching to BIM. For appropriate implementation of BIM, lessons learned from earlier BIM users such as UK, USA, Australia, and New Zealand must be taken into consideration to learn from their pitfalls.