Edinburgh Napier University

  The Internet of Things (IoT) has already begun to drastically alter the way people operate in various industries across the world, as well as how we interact with our environment. There is a lot of progress being made toward achieving the envisioned goals of IoT, however there are still numerous challenges to be addressed. Bluetooth low energy (BLE) and its beacons protocol have pushed forward innovations in the field of microlocation, which is a key area of IoT. The emergence of fog computing architecture has also lead to reduced dependence on cloud architecture by shifting resources towards users and local applications. Together these two innovations provide ideal conditions for adoption of IoT in emerging economies, which are known to be both financially and technically constrained. In this paper we provide an overview of the key innovations that are suitable for adoption in emerging economies based on BLE and fog computing. We further present three reference models for indoor navigation systems which can help further the research work in the application of BLE and fog computing.