Edinburgh Napier University

  Background: The primary aim of the current study was to establish the cut-offs scores for the Subjective Traumatic Outlook (STO), a relatively new tool that examines the introspective world view of those exposed to traumatic events. This tool was developed as a complementary scale to be used in conjunction with the observed-phenomenological measures of PTSD. The present study examines the predictive power of STO for distinguishing between PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in African countries.

Methods: A national representative (based on age and gender) sample of 2554 participants was drawn form three African countries, Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana, who completed the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and the STO. We conducted a set of analyses examining that alignment of ITQ probable PTSD and CPTSD and different STO cut-off scores.

Results: Results suggest that the STO single factor structure was stable across countries, had a strong association with PTSD and CPTSD levels, and had predictive utility in differentiating between PTSD and CPTSD. Moreover, we found that there are different cut-offs for the STO in the different countries.

Conclusion: There is a strong but distinctive association between the introspective and the observed-phenomenological approaches of PTSD and CPTSD. Our findings call for more integrative approaches for the assessment of PTSD and CPTSD and suggest that there are cultural differences in STO.